Fig. 3. The immunologic mechanisms following decellularized matrix transplantation involve several crucial steps. (i) During the immune recognition phase, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) primarily recognizes membrane components of microorganisms, while TLR9 recognizes nucleic acids from pathogens or disease conditions. Both receptors utilize the adaptor protein MYD88 for intracellular signaling and upregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to facilitate antigen recognition and processing. (ii) The T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex specifically recognizes MHC molecules, providing the “first signal” of the dual signals required for initiating T-cell activation, which results in a regulated immune response. (iii) The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathway is a key regulator of decellularized matrix-mediated ECM deposition. Recent studies suggest that miR-29a-3p may improve transplantation outcomes by modulating the TGF-β pathway.
© Biomolecules & Therapeutics
