Fig. 1. Common decellularization methods and their examples. Physical methods cause cell death by disrupting the cell membrane structure through the continuous cyclic action of critical temperature, pressure, or both. Chemical methods alter cell membrane permeability, ultimately leading to cell expansion and rupture for decellularization. Bio-enzymatic methods typically selectively degrade proteins in the cell matrix or hydrolyze deoxyribonucleotide chains and terminal nucleotides in the nucleotide chains.
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