
Mechanisms induced by carnosic acid in different cell lines (in vitro)
Cancer type | Cell Line | Treatment concentrations | Mechanism of action | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCC | Hep-G2 | 5-100 µM | Inhibition of Akt | Xiang et al., 2015 |
Hep-G2 | 0-30 µM | AMPK activation | Hasei et al., 2021 | |
MHCC97-H Bel7402 |
20 and 30 µM | Inhibition of NF-κB | Tang et al., 2016 | |
Hep-G2 | 0-100 µM | Nrf2 Upregulation | Tong et al., 2017 | |
SK-HEP1 | 20, 40 and 60 µM | Min et al., 2014 | ||
SK-HEP1 | 20 µM | Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | Jung et al., 2015 | |
Hep-G2 | 20-100 µM | Inhibition of Akt/m-TOR | Gao et al., 2015 | |
Hep-3B | 6.25-50 µg/mL | Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010 | ||
CRC |
HCT116 SW480 HT-29 |
5, 20, 50 and 100 µM | Inhibition of STAT3 | Kim et al., 2016 |
HCT116 SW480 |
0-100 µM | Activation of Nrf2/Sestrin-2 pathway | Yan et al., 2015 | |
HT-29 | 1-10 µM | Inhibition of Akt | Kim et al., 2014 | |
HT-29 | 12.5 µg/mL | Elevated ER stress and unfolded protein response | Valdes et al., 2015 | |
HT-29 | 0-33.2 µg/mL | ROS accumulation and enhanced GSH levels | Valdes et al., 2014 | |
HT-29 SW480 |
30 and 60 µg/mL | Borrás-Linares et al., 2015 | ||
Caco-2 | 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL | Upregulation of GLCL and downregulation of COX-2 | Khella et al., 2022 | |
SLW620 DLD-1 |
- | Upregulation of GCNT3 and Suppression of miR-15b | Gonzalez-Vallinas et al., 2014 | |
Pancreatic cancer |
MIA PaCa-2 PANC-1 |
- | - | Gonzalez-Vallinas et al., 2014 |
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231 | 20 µM | Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | Jung et al., 2015 |
MDA-MB-361 | 20, 40 and 60 µM | Min et al., 2014 | ||
T47D MCF-7 |
0-40 µM | Activation of TRAIL/p53 pathway | Han et al., 2017 | |
SKBR3 BT474 |
27.5 µM 37.5 µM |
Dephosphorylation of Akt | D’Alesio et al., 2017 | |
MCF-7 | 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL | Upregulation of GLCL and downregulation of COX-2 | Khella et al., 2022 | |
MCF-7 | 6.25-50 µg/mL | Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010 | ||
Cervical cancer |
CaSki SiHa |
0-100 µM | Activation of JNK pathway | Su et al., 2016 |
Esophageal cancer | KYSE-150 | 10, 20 and 40 µM | Inhibition of MAPK signaling | Jiang et al., 2021 |
Renal cell carcinoma | Caki | 20, 40 and 60 µM | ER stress | Min et al., 2014 |
Caki ACHN A498 |
20 µM | Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | Jung et al., 2015 | |
Caki | 20, 50 and 100 µM | Inactivation of STAT3 | Park et al., 2016 | |
Non-small cell lung cancer | A549 | 0-200 µM | Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway | Zhao et al., 2019 |
NCI-H460 | 40-320 µM | Corveloni et al., 2020 | ||
H358 HCC827 |
20 µM | Activation of TRAIL/Caspase pathway | Shi et al., 2017 | |
Gastric cancer |
AGS MKN45 |
0-200 µg/mL | Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway | El-Huneidi et al., 2021 |
Prostate cancer |
LNCaP 22Rv1 |
0-45 µM | ER-stress-mediated Proteasomal degradation of Androgen Receptor | Petiwala et al., 2016 |
LNCaP | 10 µM | Activation of EpRE/ARE system | Linnewiel-Hermoni et al., 2015 | |
PC-3 DCU-145 |
6.25-50 µg/mL | Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010 | ||
Oral cancer |
SCC9 -DPP CAL27 -DPP |
1-100 µM | Inactivation of Nrf2/HO-1/xCT pathway | Han et al., 2022 |
SCC9 CAL27 |
0-80 µM | Induction of Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway | Min et al., 2021 | |
Glioma | U251 MG | 17.5-40 µM | Proteasomal degradation of SOX2, Rb and Cyclin B | Cortese et al., 2016 |
U251 LN2299 |
10 µM | Potentiated TMZ-induced effects by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway | Shao et al., 2019 | |
Neuroblastoma | SH-SY5Y | 10 µM | Suppression of caspase cascade | Meng et al., 2015 |
SH-SY5Y | 2 µM | Activation of AMPK | Liu et al., 2016 | |
SH-SY5Y | 1 µM | Upregulation of Nrf2 | de Oliveira et al., 2018 | |
SH-SY5Y | 1 µM | Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway | de Oliveira et al., 2015, 2016 | |
SH-SY5Y | 1 µM | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | de Oliveira et al., 2017 | |
Astrocytes | U373MG | 50 µM | Activation of TACE | Yoshida et al., 2014 |
Melanoma | B16F10 | 0-100 µM | Enhance BCNU- and CCNU-mediated cytotoxicity | Lin et al., 2018 |
B16F10 | 2.5-10 µmol/L | Inhibition of EMT | Park et al., 2014 | |
Leukemia | CML KBM-7 | 0-50 µM | Suppression of miRNA-708 | Liu et al., 2018 |
HL60 U937 MOLM-13 |
10 µM | Enhanced the effects of 1,25-D | Nachliely et al., 2016 |