Biomolecules & Therapeutics : eISSN 2005-4483 / pISSN 1976-9148

Table. 3.

Mechanisms induced by carnosic acid in different cell lines (in vitro)

Cancer type Cell Line Treatment concentrations Mechanism of action References
HCC Hep-G2 5-100 µM Inhibition of Akt Xiang et al., 2015
Hep-G2 0-30 µM AMPK activation Hasei et al., 2021

MHCC97-H

Bel7402

20 and 30 µM Inhibition of NF-κB Tang et al., 2016
Hep-G2 0-100 µM Nrf2 Upregulation Tong et al., 2017
SK-HEP1 20, 40 and 60 µM Min et al., 2014
SK-HEP1 20 µM Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis Jung et al., 2015
Hep-G2 20-100 µM Inhibition of Akt/m-TOR Gao et al., 2015
Hep-3B 6.25-50 µg/mL Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010
CRC

HCT116

SW480

HT-29

5, 20, 50 and 100 µM Inhibition of STAT3 Kim et al., 2016

HCT116

SW480

0-100 µM Activation of Nrf2/Sestrin-2 pathway Yan et al., 2015
HT-29 1-10 µM Inhibition of Akt Kim et al., 2014
HT-29 12.5 µg/mL Elevated ER stress and unfolded protein response Valdes et al., 2015
HT-29 0-33.2 µg/mL ROS accumulation and enhanced GSH levels Valdes et al., 2014

HT-29

SW480

30 and 60 µg/mL Borrás-Linares et al., 2015
Caco-2 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL Upregulation of GLCL and downregulation of COX-2 Khella et al., 2022

SLW620

DLD-1

- Upregulation of GCNT3 and Suppression of miR-15b Gonzalez-Vallinas et al., 2014
Pancreatic cancer

MIA PaCa-2

PANC-1

- - Gonzalez-Vallinas et al., 2014
Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 20 µM Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis Jung et al., 2015
MDA-MB-361 20, 40 and 60 µM Min et al., 2014

T47D

MCF-7

0-40 µM Activation of TRAIL/p53 pathway Han et al., 2017

SKBR3

BT474

27.5 µM

37.5 µM

Dephosphorylation of Akt D’Alesio et al., 2017
MCF-7 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL Upregulation of GLCL and downregulation of COX-2 Khella et al., 2022
MCF-7 6.25-50 µg/mL Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010
Cervical cancer

CaSki

SiHa

0-100 µM Activation of JNK pathway Su et al., 2016
Esophageal cancer KYSE-150 10, 20 and 40 µM Inhibition of MAPK signaling Jiang et al., 2021
Renal cell carcinoma Caki 20, 40 and 60 µM ER stress Min et al., 2014

Caki

ACHN

A498

20 µM Sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis Jung et al., 2015
Caki 20, 50 and 100 µM Inactivation of STAT3 Park et al., 2016
Non-small cell lung cancer A549 0-200 µM Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway Zhao et al., 2019
NCI-H460 40-320 µM Corveloni et al., 2020

H358

HCC827

20 µM Activation of TRAIL/Caspase pathway Shi et al., 2017
Gastric cancer

AGS

MKN45

0-200 µg/mL Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway El-Huneidi et al., 2021
Prostate cancer

LNCaP

22Rv1

0-45 µM ER-stress-mediated Proteasomal degradation of Androgen Receptor Petiwala et al., 2016
LNCaP 10 µM Activation of EpRE/ARE system Linnewiel-Hermoni et al., 2015

PC-3

DCU-145

6.25-50 µg/mL Yesil-Celiktas et al., 2010
Oral cancer

SCC9 -DPP

CAL27 -DPP

1-100 µM Inactivation of Nrf2/HO-1/xCT pathway Han et al., 2022

SCC9

CAL27

0-80 µM Induction of Mitochondrial apoptotic pathway Min et al., 2021
Glioma U251 MG 17.5-40 µM Proteasomal degradation of SOX2, Rb and Cyclin B Cortese et al., 2016

U251

LN2299

10 µM Potentiated TMZ-induced effects by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway Shao et al., 2019
Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y 10 µM Suppression of caspase cascade Meng et al., 2015
SH-SY5Y 2 µM Activation of AMPK Liu et al., 2016
SH-SY5Y 1 µM Upregulation of Nrf2 de Oliveira et al., 2018
SH-SY5Y 1 µM Activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway de Oliveira et al., 2015, 2016
SH-SY5Y 1 µM Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway de Oliveira et al., 2017
Astrocytes U373MG 50 µM Activation of TACE Yoshida et al., 2014
Melanoma B16F10 0-100 µM Enhance BCNU- and CCNU-mediated cytotoxicity Lin et al., 2018
B16F10 2.5-10 µmol/L Inhibition of EMT Park et al., 2014
Leukemia CML KBM-7 0-50 µM Suppression of miRNA-708 Liu et al., 2018

HL60

U937

MOLM-13

10 µM Enhanced the effects of 1,25-D Nachliely et al., 2016
Biomolecules & Therapeutics 2024;32:38~55 https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2023.054
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