Fig. 2. Phytochemicals that target synaptic plasticity signaling in stress-induced, depressive animals. Many phytochemicals can increase hippocampal BDNF levels and stimulate TrkB receptor and its downstream factors, ERK, Akt, and mTOR; CREB/BDNF/TrkB signalings are associated with synaptic plasticity and antidepressive effects. (1) Apigenin, (2) baicalein, (3) 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, (4) nobiletin, (5) rutin, (6) fisetin, (7) naringenin, (8) quercetin, (9) dihydromyricetin, (10) hesperidin, (11) curcumin, (12) S-equol, (13) silibinin, (14) puerarin, (15) paeoniflorin, (16) resveratrol, (17) honokiol, (18) (-)-gallocatechin gallate, (19) gallic acid, (20) malvidin3’-O-glucoside, (21) ginsenoside, (22) oleanolic acid, (23) hyperforin, (24) psilocybin, (25) cytisine, (26) isorhynchophylline.
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