Table 1 Selected compounds increasing ROS generation to overcome 5-FU resistance
| Compound | Cell/tissue type | Effects/Mechanisms |
|---|---|---|
| tetrathiomolybdate | Ovarian cancer cells | Stress-mediated apoptosis↑, activation of JNK and p38 MAPK↑ |
| TPEN | Colon cancer HCT116 cells | Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)↓ |
| apigenin | Hepatocellular carcinoma cells | Mitochondrial apoptosis↑ |
| Polyphenolics from quince | Colon cancer cells LS174 | NF-κB activation↓, cell cycle progression↓, angiogenesis↓ |
| kaempferol | Colon cancer cells LS174 | Activation of STAT3↓, angiogenesis↓ |
| shikonin | Gastric cancer SGC-7901 | Translocation of AIF and Endo G into nucleus |
| proanthocyanidin | Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑, MMP↓ |
| B63 (curcumin analog) | Gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 etc. | Expression of Thioredoxin reductase 1↓ |
| dimethoxycurcumin | Colon cancer cells SW480, SW620 | Expression of Bax and cyt C↑, expression of Bcl-2↓ |
| Sanguisorba officinalis L. radix | Colorectal cancer cells RKO, HCT116 | Bax/Bcl-2 disruption↑, autophagy↑ |
| manuka honey | Colon cancer cells HCT116 | Expression of EGFR, HER2, Akt and mTOR↓ |
| emodin | Breast cancer MCF7 cells | Expression of E2F1 and NRPARP↓ |
| gypenoside | Colorectal cancer cells SW-480,SW-620 and Caco2 | DNA damage induction↑, expression of p53↑ |
| tubeimoside-I | Colorectal cancer cells SW480, SW620, HCT116, and RKO | Activation of AMPK↑ |
| oridonin | Colorectal cancer cells HCT115 | Activation of JNK/c-Jun pathway↓ |
| Coptis herb extracts | Lung cancer A549 cells | ROS↑ |
| mahanine | Colorectal cancer cells HCT116, SW480 | Expression of PTEN and p53 in nucleus↑ |
| caffeine | Liver cancer cells HepG2, HLF, Huh7, etc. | Cleavage of PARP↑, expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL↓ |
| selenocysteine | Skin cancer cells A375 | Activation of ERK/Akt signaling↓ |
| allicin | Liver cancer cells SK-Hep-1, BEL-7402 | ROS↑, MMP↓ |
| 3-bromypyruvate | Liver cancer cells SNU449, Hep3B | ROS↑, MMP↓ |