Fig. 5. ER stress inhibitor, TUDCA, attenuates shikonin-induced cell death. Cells were incubated in the presence of 1 µM TUDCA for 30 min and then treated with 3.3 µM shikonin. After 48 h incubation, (A) cell viability was evaluated by MTT analysis, and (B) the presence of apoptotic bodies was determined by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. *Significantly different from control cells (p<0.05); #significantly different from shikonin-treated cells (p<0.05). The expression of (C) GRP78 and (D) CHOP proteins was evaluated using immunocytochemistry. The ER-tracker Blue-White DPX probe was used to determine the number and morphology of ER organelles.
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