Fig. 1. Shikonin induces apoptotic cell death of SNU-C5/5-FUR cells. (A) Shikonin was added to cells at various concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 15 μM). After 48 h, cell viability was determined by MTT assay. *Significantly different from untreated control cells (p<0.05). (B) Changes in cell morphology were detected by phase contrast images (magnification: 20×). (C) Long-term cytotoxic effects of shikonin were investigated using a colony formation assay. The resultant colonies were stained using a Diff-Quik kit. *Significantly different from untreated control cells (p<0.05). (D) Cells treated with or without shikonin were stained with PI and analyzed via flow cytometry. (E) DNA fragmentation was assessed using ELISA. (D, E) *Significantly different from control cells (p<0.05).
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