Fig. 8. The anti-cancer effects of GA on A549 cells via PI3K/Akt pathway. GA inhibits PI3K/Akt pathway, and subsequently alters the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2. Increased Bax activates cleaved caspase-3, which induces apoptosis. GA also alters the expressions of p21 and p27 by regulating PI3K/Akt pathway, resulting in downregulation of Cyclin D1 and E1, which subsequently lead to cell cycle arrest.
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